Definitions and social institutions win this paper. Grand theory barely shows up. The CSS Anthropology syllabus carries 100 marks. It covers culture, social organisation, research methods, and the peoples of Pakistan. Our count of available past papers puts religion on top with 6 questions. Economic organisation follows with 5. Culture and its functions drew 4. The sub-fields drew 4, and contemporary human problems also drew 4. Kinship and social organisation drew 3. Classical theories drew only 1 question. Examiners never asked the link with other social sciences at all. So master the core institutions first: family, kinship, economy, religion. Ground every answer in Pakistani communities and tribes, because the Pakistan section rewards local knowledge. Sociology and social science graduates adapt fastest here. Candidates who expect a theory-heavy paper should look elsewhere, since this examiner tests concepts through real social life, not through abstract debate.

ANTHROPOLOGY CSS Syllabus (100 MARKS)

I. Anthropology  Definition of anthropology, its historical development and recent trends

II. Social Anthropology  Definition of culture, its characteristics and functions  Relationship of anthropology with other social sciences  Sub fields of anthropology: a) Biological Anthropology, b) Archaeology, c) Linguistic Anthropology d) Socio-Cultural Anthropology  Institution of Family and Marriage (Definitions, types, structures, functions, family organization)  Kinship and Social Organization (Definitions, types, functions, kinship terminology etc)  Economic Organization: (Definitions, evolution, substantivism versus formalism, reciprocity, production, consumption, distribution, barter and primitive economic systems)  Political Organization: (Definitions, evolution of political system, characteristics of (band, tribal, chiefdom and state societies), theories of the origin of state societies (internal conflict theories, external conflict theories, population and irrigation theories, institutionalization of leadership and the emergence of state, system theories), origin of civilization, the politics of identity, ethnicity and ethnic relations, nationalism, modernism, post-modernism etc.  Religion: (Definitions, evolution of primitive religions, functions of religion, comparison of devine religions and other world religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism etc)  Contemporary Human Problems: Poverty, social inequality, political instability, population problems, ethnic violence and terrorism etc.

III. Urban Anthropology Rural-urban migration, expansion of cities, major environmental issues, sanitation problems, urbanization and development, establishment of slums and squatter settlements, refugees, yankees, betties, gypsies, wars and conflict, conversion of power from feudal to industrialists, institutionalization, education system, and change in the mode of production (agriculture to capitalists), poverty (theories and remedies), management of city life (psychological, cultural, economic, political, religious, physical, environmental, ecological, demographical, lingual etc.), Karl Marx and conflict theory, problems created by the mechanization and automation.

IV. Socio-Cultural Change Definitions, difference between social and cultural change, various dimension of cultural change, barriers to cultural change including (culture, psychological and political), internal dynamics for change, external dynamics for change, population increase and change, diffusion of innovations, socio-religious barriers in accepting the innovations and new ideas, media and cultural change, dynamics of change in Pakistan (Trends and prospects)

V. Ethnicity and Race Theories related to ethnicity and race, ethnicity and racism, nations and nationality, ethnic conflict, degree of social variation, rank societies, caste and class societies and social stratification etc.

VI. Anthropological Theories  Contributors: (Edward Burnett Taylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, James Frazer, Karl Marx, Edmund Leach, Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, Alfred L. Krobber, Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski, Clifford Geertz, Talal Asad, Akbar S. Ahamd, Ibn Khaldun, Shah Walliullah)  Classical Theories: (Degenerations, Evolutionism, Neo-Evolutionism, Diffusions)  Modern Theories: (Functionalism, Structural-functionalism, Class struggle, Structuralism, Historical Particularism, Feminism, Culture and personality)  Current Trends in Anthropological Thoughts: (Post Modernism, Romanticism, Poetics and Politics of Ethnography)

VII. Anthropological Research Methods  Meaning, definition, types and aims of anthropological research  Qualitative and Quantitative research  Purpose of research, research question, variables, hypothesis, research objective(s), research design, sampling, field data collection, tools of data collection (questionnaire, interview, participant observation), data classification, data analysis, and reporting.

SUGGESTED READINGS

ANTHROPOLOGY Frequency Analysis (Available Past Papers)

ANTHROPOLOGY Top 5 Most Repeated Topics (Based on Available Past Papers)

1. Religion (6 Appearances)
2. Economic Organization (5 Appearances)
3. Definition of culture, its characteristics and functions (4 Appearances)
4. Contemporary Human Problems (4 Appearances)
5. Sub fields of anthropology: a) Biological Anthropology, b) Archaeology, c) Linguistic Anthropology d) Socio-Cultural Anthropology (4 Appearances)